ANTH 1120 Midterm Exam Review - 2818 Words

Exam Review: TERMS Culture: The system of meanings about the nature of experience that are shared by a people and passed on from one generation to another, including the meanings that people give to things, events, activities, and people. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to judge the beliefs and behaviours of others from the perspective of one’s own culture. Ethnocentric Fallacy: The mistaken notion that the beliefs and behaviours of other cultures can be judged from the perspective of one’s own culture. Relativism: The attempt to understand the beliefs and behaviours of other cultures in terms of the culture in which they are found. Relativistic Fallacy: The idea that it is impossible to make moral judgements about the beliefs and†¦show more content†¦The egocentric self takes on the idea that each individual, as an aware and distinct person, is responsible for their actions. As such, the individual possesses intrinsic qualities such as generosity, integrity, or beauty. However, for the sociocentric self, no individual possesses the intrinsic qualities; generosity, integrity, or beauty can only apply to social situations (i.e. rather than â€Å"the man is generous,† for the egocentric self, the sociocentric self would see â€Å"he gives money to his friends†). Provide one reason why anthropologists prefer to use the ethnographic method. To avoid bias that can emerge from an armchair approach, anthropologists can conduct their own research through the ethnographic method and collect vital information through surveys and questionnaires themselves in the ethnographic method. Participant observation allows for in-depth immersion in the lives of the particular group to understand the meanings these people ascribe to their existence, allowing the anthropologist to see others from their point of view. Identify and briefly explain two challenges in doing fieldwork. Fieldwork requires funding and permission; anthropologists require sponsorship from the government or other external benefactors. The application process to receive funding from the government is also highly competitive, meaning that anthropologists

Richard Wagner and Opera Essay - 821 Words

Richard Wagner and Opera One of the key figures in the history of opera, Wagner was largely responsible for altering its orientation in the nineteenth century. His program of artistic reform accelerated the trend towards organically conceived, through-composed structures, as well as influencing the development of the orchestra, of a new breed of singer, and of various aspects of theatrical practice. As the most influential composer during the second half of the nineteenth century, Richard Wagners conception of music remains very much with us even a century after his death. He was a remarkable innovator both in harmony and the structure of his work, creating his own version of the Gesamtkunstwerk, dramatic†¦show more content†¦For Wagner, the function of music was to serve the ends of dramatic expression, and all of his most important compositions were composed for the theater. Particularly in Tannhauser, Wagner brilliantly adapted the substance of the German Romantic libretto to the framework of gra nd opera. The music evoked the opposite worlds of sin and blessedness with great emotional fervor and a luxuriant harmony and color. The Pilgrims Chorus from this opera contains what is perhaps Wagners most popular and widely known melody. Fatefully, despite his musical successes, things took a bad turn for Wagner when, in 1848, he was caught up in political revolution, and the next year he fled to Weimar where Franz Liszt helped him. Later he fled to Switzerland and France. Lohengrin was first performed under the direction of Franz Liszt at Weimar in 1850, and it is the last of Wagners works that he ever referred to as an opera. Lohengrin embodies several changes prophetic of the Music Dramas that were to follow it. The story comes from medieval legend, but Wagners treatment is generalized and symbolic. The technique of recurring themes was further developed, particularly with respect to the motives associated with Lohengrin and the Grail. Using Webers Der Freischà ¼tz as a model to a certain extent, Wagner used tonality with his characters to help organize both the drama and theShow MoreRelatedA comparison between the Italian and German Opera; Specifically using examples from Guiseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner2496 Words   |  10 PagesThe Italian opera and the German opera are two different fields that both share characteristics, some of which are paralleled, and some of which contrast. Specifically, Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner use motifs such as: redemption through love, patriotism, and sacrifice which run throughout both of their operas. The theme of betrayal also seems to be echoed throughout both operas; yet they are each used to project a different response. The significance of this comparison demonstrates that VerdiRead MoreRichard Wagner s Music With An Exclamation Point !1173 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Wagner â€Å"I write music with an exclamation point!† Richard Wagner was titled many things in his lifetime. He was a German anti-semitic composer, theatre director and a polemicist ( Richard Wagner Biography). Today, he is mainly known for his operas. Unlike most composers, Wagner wrote both libretto and music for each of his stage performances. He initially established his reputation as a composer that wrote romantic music. Wagner revolutionized opera through his concept of the GesamtkunstwerkRead MoreRichard Wagner s Influence On Music1556 Words   |  7 Pages Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer that was commonly known for his scandalous love affairs, strong anti-Semitic views, bad attitude and life changing operas. Wagner is credited for changing music in many ways. He played such a large role in the evolution of music that some musicians refer to time as before and after Wagner. Although he wasn’t successful until later in his life, Wagner is known to be one of the most influential composers in history. Wagner’s contributionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Wagner s The Raven 1177 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Wagner was born May 22, 1813 in Leipzig, Germany (notablebiographies.com). Wagner was a very important person in the nineteenth century due to his poetic writing and criticism (notablebiographies.com). He introduced the concept of leitmotiv (recurring musical theme that has to do with a person, place, or thing in the opera.) plot development in operas (notablebiographies.com). Wagners parents didn’t make a lot money so he was in poverty most of his life (thefamouspeople.com). Wagner’s dadRead MoreWagner: The Artist and Reformer Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesWagner: The Artist and Reformer Born in 1813 in Leipzig, Germany, Richard (Wilhelm) Wagner was destine to work in the arts. His father died while Wagner was still an infant and his mother, an actress, remarried Ludwig Geyer, an actor, singer, author, portrait painter, and an old friend of her late husband (Henderson, 1923, 3). Wagner would go on to become one of the key figures in the development of the opera. Through his reform, Wagner was largely responsible for altering the course of the operaRead MoreRichard Wagner s Work As A Conductor915 Words   |  4 PagesRichard Wagner Biography Richard Wagner was born May 22, 1813 in Leipzig, Germany. Richard Wagner was many things, including a composer, theatre director, polemicist, and a conductor. Wagner was born as one of nine children of his father Carl Friedrich Wagner. Carl was a clerk in the police service and died 6 months after Wagner was born. His step-father was an actor and a playwright who had a big influence on Wagner and his style of music. After his step-father died, he was sent to boarding schoolRead MoreRichard Wagner s Musical And Dramatic Arts1617 Words   |  7 PagesRichard Wagner s many operas have directly impacted the growth of German society and the expansion of music history. Wagner influenced the course of music history with his operas or â€Å"total works of art† (Deathridge and Dahlaus 95). His operas consist of a fusion of original libretto, poetry, visual, musical and dramatic arts. These massively staged spectacles influenced German society in many ways. Wagner was very proud to be German. His goal in writing his operas was not just to create art, butRead MoreRichard Wagner - Twilight Of The Gods1365 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Wagner - Twilight of the Gods (Gotterdammerung) http://www.biography.com/people/richard-wagner-9521202 †¢ Wagner birth name is Wilhelm Richard Wagner, he was one of the most influential and controversial composers; born May 22, 1813 in Leipzig, Germany and died of a heart attack on February 13, 1883 in Venice, Italy. He is known for writing serveral complex operas, At the age of 21, he wrote his first opera â€Å"The Fairies†. It is sid that his music was played at a concentration campRead MoreRichard Wagner Of 1813-1883 Born1735 Words   |  7 PagesRichard Wagner of 1813-1883 born in Germany became one of the world’s most influential dramatic composers best known for his operas. Wilhelm Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig, Germany on May 22 1813, the ninth child born into a middle-class family. He attended school in Dresden, German, growing up, he showed very little interest in music he was only concerned with writing poetry. Wagner continued on and at the age of 11, he had written his very own drama, and by the age of 16 he was composingRead MoreReview Of Richard Strausss The Ring Of The Nibelungen 1757 Words   |  8 PagesWilhelm Richard Wagner (German, 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, known for its opera and Musical. He is not only a composer, but also a theatre director and polemicist. He was a pivotal figure in the history of German opera Front undertake Mozart, Beethoven’s opera tradition, turned back the trend of post-romanticism opera composer Richard Strauss followed. At the same time, because he was the complexity of the political, religious thought, has become the most controversial

Impact of a Life-Threatening Illness on an Individual Their Family

Question: Discuss about the Impact of a Life-Threatening Illness on an Individual Their Family and Community. Answer: Impact of Cancer on Mrs. Puke and Her Family When an individual has cancer, it also tends to enter the lives of their family members and close friends. Research evidence shows that cancer affects the physical, social, emotional and spiritual well-being of not only the patient but also their family (Cormack, Robson, Purdie, 2005). Cancer presents a major crisis for the family and the patient. The Maori population bears a significantly higher burden of cancer compared to the general population (Ministry of Health, 2014). The impact of the same is further influenced by the diversity of this group. The impact of the patient is affected by the Maori perspectives of health and well-being. According to the Maori models of health, health is a multi-dimensional, and multi-faceted concept, and this is covered in one of the health models known as Te Whare Tapa Wh? (Ahuriri-Driscoll, Reid, Kirk, Christchurch, Forest Taane Morton, 2014). It is one of the outstanding models in the understanding of Maori health. This model encompasses four sides of Maori health. These include Taha wairua (spiritual health), Taha hinengaro (mental health), Taha tinana (physical health), Taha whanau (family health) (Ahuriri-driscoll et al. 2014). Each of these dimensions is crucial to a Maori well-being and if anyone of them misses out or happens to be damaged, an individual or a collective is termed as unbalanced hence unwell (Ministry of Health, 2017). As a result, evaluating the impact of Mrs. Puke's lung cancer diagnosis focuses on the impact of the condition on her physical health, mental health, spiritual health, and family health. Impact on Taha tinana The realm of Taha tinana encompasses the chemical and other changes that occur in Mrs. Pukes body. The patient's diagnosis presents changes in her functional status as a result of the biological symptoms of the disease and the side effects of the treatment. Changes in physical health are the leading culprits when it comes to affecting the quality of life in patients (Ellis, 2012). At the initial stages, the impact on the patient's physical health is manifested by respiratory symptoms and often include shortness of breath, coughing or blood with coughing. As the cancer metastasizes and progresses into advanced stages such as the one Mrs. Puke presents, she may present with other issues such as weight loss, neurological symptoms, seizures, loss of appetite and other complex complications (Courneya Friedenreich, 2011). Impact on Taha hinengaro Taha hinengaro is the mental/cognitive side, and the perception of emotional and mental wellbeing, which is evidenced by the patients ability to communicate, feel and think, and the inseparability of body and mind (Durie, 1998). Cancer diagnosis and treatment is associated with an emotional burden on both the patient and their families. Ill mental health often takes the form of depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety is a predictor of the quality of life in cancer patients. Mrs. Puke may experience psychological distress for the rest of her life. There is evidence linking co-morbidity of depression in cancer with physical morbidity and mortality (Lloyd-Williams, Shiels, Taylor, Dennis, 2009). Impact on Taha Taha wairua refers to the patients spiritual side, and the notion of wellbeing (Durie, 1998). It is perceived as one of the essential requirement for health among the Maori. It is perceived as the patients capacity for faith and wider communication, and her capacity to understand the linkage between the presentation and the environment (Ahuriri-driscoll, et al., 2014). The diagnosis of a life-threatening condition such as in Mrs. Puke often causes enormous distress. The condition is life threatening and this may challenge her beliefs regarding life and the sense of well-being. Spirituality is a greater contributor to health, especially in palliative care (Egan, 2010). According to Egan, the impact on spiritual health may be manifested in aspects such as physiological process such as cardiovascular function, and psychological functioning. Impact on Taha whanau Taha whanau is the family/social dimension, and wellbeing as a result of family and other relationships in the wider society wellbeing (Durie, 1998). Further on, Durie claims that the element of ones capacity to belong, share and care. Mrs. Puke's condition may impact this in the sense that her loved ones may be negatively impacted. In the process of caring for her, her family (especially her children and children) are bound to bear feelings of loss of control, alterations in relationships, and disruption in the family organization. Her family members may feel uncertainty, and a sense of vulnerability and awareness of their inability to protect her, and as a result breeding a sense of helplessness (Ripia, 2013). Her children and grandchildren may also feel distressed when they see her as vulnerable and fearful. The family may also experience changes in family roles, and disruptions in schedules so as to take on the new roles of caregiving for the ailing Mrs. Puke. In addition, financ ial demands for palliative care may also create concerns for her family. Cumulatively, these factors negatively impact the health of Taha whanau. Roles and Responsibilities of Three Health Professionals in the Management of Mrs. Puke's Symptoms Multidisciplinary care is the cornerstone of best practice in the care of patients with cancer (National Lung Cancer Working Group, 2016). The multidisciplinary team for lung cancer often consists of professionals whose specialty is to treat and support people with the condition. Typically, the team often consists of a respiratory physician, a pathologist, a cardiothoracic (chest) surgeon, a radiologist, oncologists (medical and radiation), cancer nurses and care coordinator, a physiotherapist, palliative care doctors and nurses, an occupational therapist, a dietitian, a pharmacist, and a GP (Cancer Society NZ - Canterbury-West Coast Division, 2017). In addition, pastoral care/spiritual care workers and wh?nau may be availed as per the patients request. However, since Mrs. Puke has opted to discontinue treatment, the composition of this team may be limited to professionals specializing in the management of her presentation, and those for palliative care. Lung Cancer Nurses They are also known as cancer nurse coordinators (CNC), and they provide the patient with nursing care, information, coordination, support and assistance through their ailing journey (Lung Foundation Australia, 2014). Roles played by lung cancer nurses include providing the patient with information pertaining to their diagnosis and treatment, providing emotional and social support to the patient and family, assisting with communication between the patient and the healthcare teams, providing continuity in care, assisting the patient through the healthcare system, as well as answering the patents questions pertaining to any element of care and treatment pathway (Lung Foundation Australia, 2014). It is the responsibility of lung cancer nurse coordinators to ensure that patients and their carers understand the complexity of cancer care. General Practitioners A GP is responsible for the patients general health and referral for specialist treatment in any event that a complication arises. GPs are necessary for the continuity of care in a patient, especially in Mrs. Puke's case. In the continuity of care, GPs help in the management of the patient's pre-existing conditions, as well as managing the side effects of the treatment (Kane et al., 2016). Lung cancer patients may experience symptoms such as dyspnoea, anorexia, depression, anxiety, pain, cough and fatigue (Yates, Schofield, Zhao, Currow, 2013), which will call for the intervention of a GP. These patients may also present with malignant spinal cord compression, superior vena cava obstruction, neutropenic sepsis and hypercalcemia which will require immediate admission. Palliative care doctors and nurses They work in close coordination with the GP to provide Mrs. Puke with supportive and palliative care to enable her to cope better with the impacts of the cancer. These professionals also assist the patient with difficult medical decisions, guide then in developing a plan for better living based on the patient's needs, concerns and care goals, and lastly provide the patient and her family with emotional and spiritual support and guidance (Ministry of Health, 2001). They may also help Mrs. Puke get into a hospice program to help her achieve quality time. Additional factors from a M?ori perspective to be considered by the Multidisciplinary Team The role of Wh?nau Members of the team should also consider the role played by Wh?nau (referring to the extended family members) in end of life care. There is an immense value placed on their role towards holistic caring (Johnston Taylor, Simmonds, Earp, Tibble, 2014). The support of whanau is recognised as an asset, and has been used to model the Maoris model of hauora (heath). Research evidence from studies indicates that patients and their families emphasise on the critical importance of involving whanau in palliative care (Ministry of Health, 2014b). Spirituality M?ori spiritual needs during end of life care are of much significance as the whanau. First, staff spirituality in an important aspect in the continuum of care (Egan, 2009). According to the Maori, all living thing poses a life force known as mauri and a spirit, and as one grows closer to death, they must be preserved as one moves towards ?rai (veil) (Moeke-Maxwell, 2015). References Ahuriri-driscoll, A., Reid, K., Kirk, R., Christchurch, Forest Taane Morton. (2014). Understanding the M?ori experience of palliative care in Canterbury, (April). Cancer Society NZ - Canterbury-West Coast Division. (2017). Multidisciplinary Care Team (MDT). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://canterbury-west-coast.cancernz.org.nz/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung-cancer/multidisciplinary-care-team-mdt/ Cormack, D., Robson, B., Purdie, G. (2005). Access to cancer services for Mori. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Courneya, K. S., Friedenreich, C. M. (2011). Physical activity and cancer. Springer. Durie, M. (1998). Whaiora: Maori health development. Oxford University Press. Egan, R. (2009). Spirituality in New Zealand hospice care. Distribution, 4(July), 99130. Egan, R. (2010). Health Promotion and Spirituality: making the implicit explicit, (34). Ellis, J. (2012). The impact of lung cancer on patients and carers. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 9(1), 3947. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972311433577 Johnston Taylor, E., Simmonds, S., Earp, R., Tibble, P. (2014). Maori perspectives on hospice care. Diversity and Equality in Health and Care, 11(August), 6170. Kane, P., Jasperse, M., Egan, R., McBain, L., McKinlay, E., Pullon, S., Herst, P. (2016). Continuity of cancer patient care in New Zealand; the general practitioner perspective. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 129(1440), 5563. Lloyd-Williams, M., Shiels, C., Taylor, F., Dennis, M. (2009). Depression--an independent predictor of early death in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113(12), 127132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.002 Lung Foundation Australia. (2014). Lung Cancer Nurses. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://lungcancernetwork.com.au/posts/lung-cancer-nurses/ Ministry of Health. (2001). The New Zealand Palliative Care Strategy. Ministry of Health. (2014a). New Zealand Cancer Plan: Better, faster cancer care 20152018. Ministry of Health. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health. (2014b). Palliative Care and Maori from a Health Literacy Perspective. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health. (2017), M?ori health models Te Whare Tapa Wh?. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Moeke-Maxwell, T. (2015). Growing closer to death M?ori spirituality and ageing. Auckland. National Lung Cancer Working Group. (2016). Standards of Service Provision for Lung Cancer Patients in New Zealand (2nd ed.). Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ripia, L. M. (2013). He kupenga mate pukupuku uu mo ng ? w ? hine M ? ori. Te Whare Tapa Wh?: A multidimensional exploration of the impacts of breast cancer among w ? hine M ? ori. Massey University. Yates, P., Schofield, P., Zhao, I., Currow, D. (2013). Supportive and palliative care for lung cancer patients. Journal of Thoracic Disease. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.10.05