ANTH 1120 Midterm Exam Review - 2818 Words

Exam Review: TERMS Culture: The system of meanings about the nature of experience that are shared by a people and passed on from one generation to another, including the meanings that people give to things, events, activities, and people. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to judge the beliefs and behaviours of others from the perspective of one’s own culture. Ethnocentric Fallacy: The mistaken notion that the beliefs and behaviours of other cultures can be judged from the perspective of one’s own culture. Relativism: The attempt to understand the beliefs and behaviours of other cultures in terms of the culture in which they are found. Relativistic Fallacy: The idea that it is impossible to make moral judgements about the beliefs and†¦show more content†¦The egocentric self takes on the idea that each individual, as an aware and distinct person, is responsible for their actions. As such, the individual possesses intrinsic qualities such as generosity, integrity, or beauty. However, for the sociocentric self, no individual possesses the intrinsic qualities; generosity, integrity, or beauty can only apply to social situations (i.e. rather than â€Å"the man is generous,† for the egocentric self, the sociocentric self would see â€Å"he gives money to his friends†). Provide one reason why anthropologists prefer to use the ethnographic method. To avoid bias that can emerge from an armchair approach, anthropologists can conduct their own research through the ethnographic method and collect vital information through surveys and questionnaires themselves in the ethnographic method. Participant observation allows for in-depth immersion in the lives of the particular group to understand the meanings these people ascribe to their existence, allowing the anthropologist to see others from their point of view. Identify and briefly explain two challenges in doing fieldwork. Fieldwork requires funding and permission; anthropologists require sponsorship from the government or other external benefactors. The application process to receive funding from the government is also highly competitive, meaning that anthropologists

Richard Wagner and Opera Essay - 821 Words

Richard Wagner and Opera One of the key figures in the history of opera, Wagner was largely responsible for altering its orientation in the nineteenth century. His program of artistic reform accelerated the trend towards organically conceived, through-composed structures, as well as influencing the development of the orchestra, of a new breed of singer, and of various aspects of theatrical practice. As the most influential composer during the second half of the nineteenth century, Richard Wagners conception of music remains very much with us even a century after his death. He was a remarkable innovator both in harmony and the structure of his work, creating his own version of the Gesamtkunstwerk, dramatic†¦show more content†¦For Wagner, the function of music was to serve the ends of dramatic expression, and all of his most important compositions were composed for the theater. Particularly in Tannhauser, Wagner brilliantly adapted the substance of the German Romantic libretto to the framework of gra nd opera. The music evoked the opposite worlds of sin and blessedness with great emotional fervor and a luxuriant harmony and color. The Pilgrims Chorus from this opera contains what is perhaps Wagners most popular and widely known melody. Fatefully, despite his musical successes, things took a bad turn for Wagner when, in 1848, he was caught up in political revolution, and the next year he fled to Weimar where Franz Liszt helped him. Later he fled to Switzerland and France. Lohengrin was first performed under the direction of Franz Liszt at Weimar in 1850, and it is the last of Wagners works that he ever referred to as an opera. Lohengrin embodies several changes prophetic of the Music Dramas that were to follow it. The story comes from medieval legend, but Wagners treatment is generalized and symbolic. 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He attended school in Dresden, German, growing up, he showed very little interest in music he was only concerned with writing poetry. Wagner continued on and at the age of 11, he had written his very own drama, and by the age of 16 he was composingRead MoreReview Of Richard Strausss The Ring Of The Nibelungen 1757 Words   |  8 PagesWilhelm Richard Wagner (German, 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, known for its opera and Musical. He is not only a composer, but also a theatre director and polemicist. He was a pivotal figure in the history of German opera Front undertake Mozart, Beethoven’s opera tradition, turned back the trend of post-romanticism opera composer Richard Strauss followed. At the same time, because he was the complexity of the political, religious thought, has become the most controversial

Impact of a Life-Threatening Illness on an Individual Their Family

Question: Discuss about the Impact of a Life-Threatening Illness on an Individual Their Family and Community. Answer: Impact of Cancer on Mrs. Puke and Her Family When an individual has cancer, it also tends to enter the lives of their family members and close friends. Research evidence shows that cancer affects the physical, social, emotional and spiritual well-being of not only the patient but also their family (Cormack, Robson, Purdie, 2005). Cancer presents a major crisis for the family and the patient. The Maori population bears a significantly higher burden of cancer compared to the general population (Ministry of Health, 2014). The impact of the same is further influenced by the diversity of this group. The impact of the patient is affected by the Maori perspectives of health and well-being. According to the Maori models of health, health is a multi-dimensional, and multi-faceted concept, and this is covered in one of the health models known as Te Whare Tapa Wh? (Ahuriri-Driscoll, Reid, Kirk, Christchurch, Forest Taane Morton, 2014). It is one of the outstanding models in the understanding of Maori health. This model encompasses four sides of Maori health. These include Taha wairua (spiritual health), Taha hinengaro (mental health), Taha tinana (physical health), Taha whanau (family health) (Ahuriri-driscoll et al. 2014). Each of these dimensions is crucial to a Maori well-being and if anyone of them misses out or happens to be damaged, an individual or a collective is termed as unbalanced hence unwell (Ministry of Health, 2017). As a result, evaluating the impact of Mrs. Puke's lung cancer diagnosis focuses on the impact of the condition on her physical health, mental health, spiritual health, and family health. Impact on Taha tinana The realm of Taha tinana encompasses the chemical and other changes that occur in Mrs. Pukes body. The patient's diagnosis presents changes in her functional status as a result of the biological symptoms of the disease and the side effects of the treatment. Changes in physical health are the leading culprits when it comes to affecting the quality of life in patients (Ellis, 2012). At the initial stages, the impact on the patient's physical health is manifested by respiratory symptoms and often include shortness of breath, coughing or blood with coughing. As the cancer metastasizes and progresses into advanced stages such as the one Mrs. Puke presents, she may present with other issues such as weight loss, neurological symptoms, seizures, loss of appetite and other complex complications (Courneya Friedenreich, 2011). Impact on Taha hinengaro Taha hinengaro is the mental/cognitive side, and the perception of emotional and mental wellbeing, which is evidenced by the patients ability to communicate, feel and think, and the inseparability of body and mind (Durie, 1998). Cancer diagnosis and treatment is associated with an emotional burden on both the patient and their families. Ill mental health often takes the form of depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety is a predictor of the quality of life in cancer patients. Mrs. Puke may experience psychological distress for the rest of her life. There is evidence linking co-morbidity of depression in cancer with physical morbidity and mortality (Lloyd-Williams, Shiels, Taylor, Dennis, 2009). Impact on Taha Taha wairua refers to the patients spiritual side, and the notion of wellbeing (Durie, 1998). It is perceived as one of the essential requirement for health among the Maori. It is perceived as the patients capacity for faith and wider communication, and her capacity to understand the linkage between the presentation and the environment (Ahuriri-driscoll, et al., 2014). The diagnosis of a life-threatening condition such as in Mrs. Puke often causes enormous distress. The condition is life threatening and this may challenge her beliefs regarding life and the sense of well-being. Spirituality is a greater contributor to health, especially in palliative care (Egan, 2010). According to Egan, the impact on spiritual health may be manifested in aspects such as physiological process such as cardiovascular function, and psychological functioning. Impact on Taha whanau Taha whanau is the family/social dimension, and wellbeing as a result of family and other relationships in the wider society wellbeing (Durie, 1998). Further on, Durie claims that the element of ones capacity to belong, share and care. Mrs. Puke's condition may impact this in the sense that her loved ones may be negatively impacted. In the process of caring for her, her family (especially her children and children) are bound to bear feelings of loss of control, alterations in relationships, and disruption in the family organization. Her family members may feel uncertainty, and a sense of vulnerability and awareness of their inability to protect her, and as a result breeding a sense of helplessness (Ripia, 2013). Her children and grandchildren may also feel distressed when they see her as vulnerable and fearful. The family may also experience changes in family roles, and disruptions in schedules so as to take on the new roles of caregiving for the ailing Mrs. Puke. In addition, financ ial demands for palliative care may also create concerns for her family. Cumulatively, these factors negatively impact the health of Taha whanau. Roles and Responsibilities of Three Health Professionals in the Management of Mrs. Puke's Symptoms Multidisciplinary care is the cornerstone of best practice in the care of patients with cancer (National Lung Cancer Working Group, 2016). The multidisciplinary team for lung cancer often consists of professionals whose specialty is to treat and support people with the condition. Typically, the team often consists of a respiratory physician, a pathologist, a cardiothoracic (chest) surgeon, a radiologist, oncologists (medical and radiation), cancer nurses and care coordinator, a physiotherapist, palliative care doctors and nurses, an occupational therapist, a dietitian, a pharmacist, and a GP (Cancer Society NZ - Canterbury-West Coast Division, 2017). In addition, pastoral care/spiritual care workers and wh?nau may be availed as per the patients request. However, since Mrs. Puke has opted to discontinue treatment, the composition of this team may be limited to professionals specializing in the management of her presentation, and those for palliative care. Lung Cancer Nurses They are also known as cancer nurse coordinators (CNC), and they provide the patient with nursing care, information, coordination, support and assistance through their ailing journey (Lung Foundation Australia, 2014). Roles played by lung cancer nurses include providing the patient with information pertaining to their diagnosis and treatment, providing emotional and social support to the patient and family, assisting with communication between the patient and the healthcare teams, providing continuity in care, assisting the patient through the healthcare system, as well as answering the patents questions pertaining to any element of care and treatment pathway (Lung Foundation Australia, 2014). It is the responsibility of lung cancer nurse coordinators to ensure that patients and their carers understand the complexity of cancer care. General Practitioners A GP is responsible for the patients general health and referral for specialist treatment in any event that a complication arises. GPs are necessary for the continuity of care in a patient, especially in Mrs. Puke's case. In the continuity of care, GPs help in the management of the patient's pre-existing conditions, as well as managing the side effects of the treatment (Kane et al., 2016). Lung cancer patients may experience symptoms such as dyspnoea, anorexia, depression, anxiety, pain, cough and fatigue (Yates, Schofield, Zhao, Currow, 2013), which will call for the intervention of a GP. These patients may also present with malignant spinal cord compression, superior vena cava obstruction, neutropenic sepsis and hypercalcemia which will require immediate admission. Palliative care doctors and nurses They work in close coordination with the GP to provide Mrs. Puke with supportive and palliative care to enable her to cope better with the impacts of the cancer. These professionals also assist the patient with difficult medical decisions, guide then in developing a plan for better living based on the patient's needs, concerns and care goals, and lastly provide the patient and her family with emotional and spiritual support and guidance (Ministry of Health, 2001). They may also help Mrs. Puke get into a hospice program to help her achieve quality time. Additional factors from a M?ori perspective to be considered by the Multidisciplinary Team The role of Wh?nau Members of the team should also consider the role played by Wh?nau (referring to the extended family members) in end of life care. There is an immense value placed on their role towards holistic caring (Johnston Taylor, Simmonds, Earp, Tibble, 2014). The support of whanau is recognised as an asset, and has been used to model the Maoris model of hauora (heath). Research evidence from studies indicates that patients and their families emphasise on the critical importance of involving whanau in palliative care (Ministry of Health, 2014b). Spirituality M?ori spiritual needs during end of life care are of much significance as the whanau. First, staff spirituality in an important aspect in the continuum of care (Egan, 2009). According to the Maori, all living thing poses a life force known as mauri and a spirit, and as one grows closer to death, they must be preserved as one moves towards ?rai (veil) (Moeke-Maxwell, 2015). References Ahuriri-driscoll, A., Reid, K., Kirk, R., Christchurch, Forest Taane Morton. (2014). Understanding the M?ori experience of palliative care in Canterbury, (April). Cancer Society NZ - Canterbury-West Coast Division. (2017). Multidisciplinary Care Team (MDT). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://canterbury-west-coast.cancernz.org.nz/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung-cancer/multidisciplinary-care-team-mdt/ Cormack, D., Robson, B., Purdie, G. (2005). Access to cancer services for Mori. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Courneya, K. S., Friedenreich, C. M. (2011). Physical activity and cancer. Springer. Durie, M. (1998). Whaiora: Maori health development. Oxford University Press. Egan, R. (2009). Spirituality in New Zealand hospice care. Distribution, 4(July), 99130. Egan, R. (2010). Health Promotion and Spirituality: making the implicit explicit, (34). Ellis, J. (2012). The impact of lung cancer on patients and carers. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 9(1), 3947. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972311433577 Johnston Taylor, E., Simmonds, S., Earp, R., Tibble, P. (2014). Maori perspectives on hospice care. Diversity and Equality in Health and Care, 11(August), 6170. Kane, P., Jasperse, M., Egan, R., McBain, L., McKinlay, E., Pullon, S., Herst, P. (2016). Continuity of cancer patient care in New Zealand; the general practitioner perspective. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 129(1440), 5563. Lloyd-Williams, M., Shiels, C., Taylor, F., Dennis, M. (2009). Depression--an independent predictor of early death in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113(12), 127132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.002 Lung Foundation Australia. (2014). Lung Cancer Nurses. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://lungcancernetwork.com.au/posts/lung-cancer-nurses/ Ministry of Health. (2001). The New Zealand Palliative Care Strategy. Ministry of Health. (2014a). New Zealand Cancer Plan: Better, faster cancer care 20152018. Ministry of Health. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health. (2014b). Palliative Care and Maori from a Health Literacy Perspective. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health. (2017), M?ori health models Te Whare Tapa Wh?. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Moeke-Maxwell, T. (2015). Growing closer to death M?ori spirituality and ageing. Auckland. National Lung Cancer Working Group. (2016). Standards of Service Provision for Lung Cancer Patients in New Zealand (2nd ed.). Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ripia, L. M. (2013). He kupenga mate pukupuku uu mo ng ? w ? hine M ? ori. Te Whare Tapa Wh?: A multidimensional exploration of the impacts of breast cancer among w ? hine M ? ori. Massey University. Yates, P., Schofield, P., Zhao, I., Currow, D. (2013). Supportive and palliative care for lung cancer patients. Journal of Thoracic Disease. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.10.05

Organizations Defining Vision an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Organizations Defining Vision ABSTRACT "Write the vision and make it plain on tablets, that he may run who reads it", (Habakkuk 2:2) Christian business owners move daily in a world where many are motivated by greed and fear while they attempt to struggle with the principles of supply and demand. The world today exercises biblical principles every day but perhaps unknowingly by following the words of this verse. The instructions from that passage plainly state the necessity of a vision and the importance of writing it down. Need essay sample on "Organizations Defining Vision" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Many Christians wrestle with the clash of values as soon as they arrive to work. Since church and state have been officially divided there is noted resistance in mixing religion with business however, today in the face of a work environment that lacks ethical behavior the question is raised to reconsider this controversial issue. Now more than ever the implementation of Christian values and beliefs to a company's vision statement is important. Identifying and communicating a clear vision is one of the most important functions to perform. Creating a clear and effective vision delivers many benefits to the business. A clear vision helps to define the values of the company and its employees. A strong vision also will lead to increased productivity within the organization. INTRODUCTION Unfortunately, today unethical behavior in the business world is often times the norm. Now more than ever the need to incorporate Christian principles in the vision statement of companies is not a choice, but necessary. Many worldly companies unknowingly have loosely placed Christian values in their company's plans and mission statements but fail to exercise their actions. It is imperative for a leader to have a clear vision for their companies and develop a strong and strategic plan to increase the possibilities of accomplishing organizational objective. A vision is basically an idea of what the future of a business or organization may look like, and is a combination of three basic elements. It must first describe the organization's fundamental reason for existing beyond the hope of financial profit. In addition, it should consist of timeless and unchanging core values, as well as, a big picture of what the future should look like. The vision of a company defines who and what the bu siness is about, why it exists, and where it is going. MPLEMENTING CHRISTIAN VALUES The question has to be asked before beginning, what does a good vision for a company look like? It should possess the following: 1. Clearly identifies the direction and purpose of the company 2. Builds loyalty through employee involvement 3. Sets standards of excellence that reflect high ideals and a sense of integrity. 4. Should be persuasive and believable 5. Inspire enthusiasm in the company and encourages employee commitment 6. Needs to be well articulated and easily understood 7. Should fit with the unique culture and values of the business 8. Reflect the company's unique strength There is one universal rule of planning the vision and that is "you will never be greater than the vision that guides you". Upon preparing a vision it is foolish not to consider the employees who will be bringing it from paper to life. The leader must examine their capabilities, aspirations and performance to create a plan that allows them to stretch and grow in addition to considering the primary goal of the company. It is important to remember that core values cannot be forced on individuals. Core values should define the business and what it stands for. In order to identify the core values of the business, consider the ideals and values held dear. If from the onset the goal is to incorporate Christian principles in the business, clearly define how they must be applied. Christian businesses should stand out automatically so one of the primary goals should include being an example in the field of choice. If Christian principles are applied, then there should be a definite distinction that would set you apart from businesses of the world. Another important thought would be to make objective and wise decisions. It is important to consider all issues before making a rash decision. This is just plain business sense and most businesses operate under this ideal. The one particular act that my set the Christian company apart from many would be the driving motivation to show outstanding personal and corporate integrity. Many companies have pretty words describing the exact same thing, however, in the midst of the company there are unspoken deals, thievery and deception occurring on a daily basis. In all that is done, it is important to demonstrate fairness, care and accountability. There was a time when every company offered a guarantee and stood behind their product. Many times today there is no warranty or if there is the time period is extremely short or there is a need for additional money to assure the product the customer has already paid for works. A Christian company should always base their business on biblical principles. Throughout the Bible there are basic instructions on the behavior that is not just acceptable but commanded of a Christian. Throughout the Scriptures it teaches people to love everyone and to treat others fairly. In fact, this is considered the second most important commandment. If a business chooses to announce to the world that it is a Christian business, then it is imperative to base business dealings on that foundation. Extensive research has revealed that a great majority of successful businesses possess the common denominator of a devotion to ethical and spiritual principles. There is a basic principle in the Bible that simply states whatever is reaped is what has been sown. This basically states that following Godly principles by showing love and concern for others will bring about positive results. Another principle in the Bible is to follow the example of Jesus and become a servant. A Christian business must be ready to serve the public. It should be a definite decision to consider the level of customer service that will be offered. There appears to be a serious decline in the delivery of excellent customer service. A Christian company must consider the way it deals with the customer. Many times it is simply the absence of common courtesy that separates good customer service from bad. Sometimes when making the decision to live and work by Christian principles can be an isolating experience. It's not always popular in the world today to rule your actions by Christian guidelines. In spite of the opposition it is important to remember that in all you do, most likely the view of your actions will be closely considered. Because of this before implementing any action within the company consider if your actions can be justified by man and more importantly, before God. Many times there is the temptation that no one may ever know about something that is done in the dark because there will always be opportunities that will be tempting to sacrifice Christian principles. This is especially true when dealing with contracts and legal documents. Even though it's possible to hide many things in "legal jargon", it is said that whatever is done in the dark will come to light and consider the reputation the company would have in this case. When forming the vision, many people often create a Mission Statement. In fact it is highly recommended that this should be done. Once the goal is clearly defined a leader must be able to articulate the vision in short, concise statements. Many companies require their employees to memorize the Mission Statement, as well as have it displayed throughout the building to remind the workers what the company stands for. Also, a customer can tell from this one statement what the business stands for. When creating a Mission Statement, the following should be remembered: 1. Include the fundamental beliefs of the company. 2. Should be future oriented and must portray the company as it will be. 3. The statement must focus on one common purpose. 4. This statement must not be a generalized statement but specific to the organization. 5. It is imperative to express the thoughts in a short statement that is not longer than one or two sentences. When developing the vision that is based on Christian principles, it is important to steer clear of tradition. Many times it is required to do something that doesn't follow tradition. In these cases it is imperative to remember that outside of tradition doesn't mean outside of God's law; the action must line up with Scripture. When creating a vision there must not be a fear of being ridiculed. Many times being a Christian and doing what is taught to be the right thing could bring on ridicule. It is important to remember to stay focused and concentrate on the goal. Another negative to consider avoiding would be short-term thinking. When faced with a decision don't get caught up in "putting out the fire at hand" but think of how the decision will affect the company in the future. CONCLUSION Most company will operate based on a vision created by the leader. Management should have a clear picture of what they expect from employees and what they should strive for according to the plan. It is often this vision that defines the organization's reason for existing. The vision normally begins with a set of strong personal core values representative of the owner. If an owner chooses to base his business on Christian values the best tool to utilize is the Bible. It is full of scriptures to support the business owner's stand to act according to the word of God. Nehemiah had plans before he successfully built the wall in record times, as quoted earlier we are instructed to write the vision and make it plain. In addition, it is asked what person doesn't sit down and consider the cost of a venture, in other words it is consistent throughout the word that a Christian should have a plan. The world has operated on this Christian principle for years and as a result many companies end up taking a place in the impressive Fortune 500 group. Major corporations implement Christian values but disguise it with words. While some may feel uncomfortable with the mixing of faith and business, others appreciate the opportunity to conduct business with a group of people who aspire to not only put the words on paper but, actually strive to meet higher standards. It is refreshing to know that a customer's satisfaction means something to a company. Sometimes conducting business as a Christian may mean a loss of profit but it's at these time owners know as long as the right thing is done according to God's law, something else somewhere will balance that loss. In conclusion Isaiah 32:8 says it well, "But a noble man makes noble plans, and by noble deeds he stands". REFERENCES Blanchard, Ken. Creating Your Organizations Future: Full Steam Ahead. Change Facilitation, Creating an Organization's Vision, 2005. Dolak, Dave. Creating and Communicating Vision: The Business Leaders PrimaryResponsibility. 2001. Ryrie, Charles, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Zondervan Publishing House, 1973.

Nazisim essays

Nazisim essays Throughout the years, decades and centuries of the worlds tragic history, there is one specific event that is crucial and substantial to the development and outcome of how society is today- the Holocaust and Nazi Germany. It is a widely known fact that Adolf Hitler started the Holocaust during World War II (In the 1930s); but why was it started; what were the reasons behind it; and most importantly, how was it started? These are all excellent questions although do not have logical answers. Thus far, Nazism is a hard concept to grasp. It is difficult to understand how one man can single-handedly overrule a nation and acquire the vast lands and deaths that he had. Looking back today, society realizes it was absurd, but back then, Hitler and the Nazis did have what they thought to be rational reasons to start the wave and lifestyle of Nazism. Even before the Holocaust, Nazism was on the rise. In summer of the 1920s, the Swastika was designed, by Hitler and quickly became the symbol of Jewish persecution (Gottfried 44). The Nazi Party, formally known as the German Workers Party, however was not successful at first. In the beginning, the Nazi Party was merely a small group of individuals who sought for power. When first started, the Nazi Party was a small fringe group that had campaigned unsuccessfully to win the factory working class away from socialism. (Overy 22) Hitler just as the former Nazi Party wanted to hold all of the power that he could. He was exactly the right man to lead this unorganized group. After Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany and he began going to the German Workers Partys meetings, he started to realize the state that Germany was in. With the Germany in severe depression, Hitler realized that the people of Germany would believe anyone and anything that was promising. Nazism was started. More and more people began to atten ...

Analyse the concepts of 'culture shock' and 'cultural adjustment' and Essay - 1

Analyse the concepts of 'culture shock' and 'cultural adjustment' and critically assess some possible consequences of th - Essay Example A culture may be thought of a network of shared meanings, which are easily taken as reality by those interacting within network. This view of culture upholds that a community of people is likely to create a general representation obtained from their shared experiences and then embrace these pre-set classes as background or setting against which incoming experiences are translated. People endeavor to structure the external world by corresponding external stimuli against internal theoretical patterns. After such a match is made, an individual is in a position to assign meaning to an outside event. If a match cannot be made, an individual may feel disoriented, frustrated or afraid. People with diverse cultures will see the world differently since they have been carefully sensitized to certain assortments of stimuli. An individual may not knowingly be conscious to the specific patterns of meanings assumed if he/she is interacting with people sharing the same view, because reality is take n for granted. It is through contact with people who view the world in a different perspective that one becomes aware of the cultural patterns he/she is embracing. It is from the movement and the interaction across cultures that the aspect of cultural shock comes about (Nelson et al, 2011, p 164). Culture shock is the distress experienced by a sojourner as an upshot of losing all the recognizable signs and symbol of social interaction, as well as their substitution with by other cues that are strange. The move to a new environment is a traumatic life event when sojourners have to cope with substantial culture change. The reason is that conflicts associated to the divergences in rules, values and meanings between the two cultures will be unavoidable. In other words, an individual may be so unfamiliar with the host surroundings that he/she has no guidance as to what, when and how to do (Cameron, 2010, p 3). People of certain occupations likely to be affected by culture shock are such as foreign students and intellectuals, teachers, business executives (expatriates), migrant workers, Peace Corps volunteers and social workers. Oberg highlighted six elements of culture shock. One is strain as a result of the effort needed to make essential psychological adaptations. Second is the sense of loss and feelings of deficiency with regards to profession, status, friends and possessions. The third element of culture shock entails being rejected and/or rejecting members of new cultures. Fourthly is the confusion in terms of role, role expectations, feelings, self identity and values. Fifthly is the anxiety, surprise and even disgust and resentment, after becoming cognizant of cultural differences. The last aspect is the feeling of helplessness as a result of the inability to handle the new environment. When living in a new environment, a student or sojourner goes through the following stages of cultural adjustment (Becker & Bhugra, 2005, p 18). Source: Becker & Bhugra, 2005 , 19 Honeymoon This is the initial stage that a sojourner experiences at the commencement of the contact. The stage is characterized by fascination, euphoria, excitement and enthusiasm. Travelers experience positive attitude as similarities are considered as comfort, whilst differences are observed with interest. Crisis/hostility/ irritation This is the culture shock stage that is

Why is freedom of expression so fundamental to democracy Assignment

Why is freedom of expression so fundamental to democracy - Assignment Example It should be realized that this resolution was made before any other in the history of the UN. Freedom of expression is very important in creating the right environment for democracy to work and thrive. Considering that democracy involves creating society where public participation is enhanced, freedom of expression is seen to play a major role in creating this important aspect in decision making. Democracy calls for the involvement of all citizens in the affairs of the country. In this case, the citizens cannot really participate in the democratic process if they do not have the right to access information. In the same way, the masses should have the freedom to express their views and opinions freely without any fear of reprimand (GHREN). In most cases freedom of expression is only viewed in relation to human dignity. However, it should be realized that it is also important to enhance such aspects like participation, democracy and accountability in the society. In this case any violations on the freedom of expression have direct impact on the ability of the people to participate and associate in the general democratic process. Across the world, several situations abound where civilizations have struggled to secure the right to express themselves. While this freedom is taken for granted in most developed countries, it is not actually the case in many developing societies across the world. There are still many violations on the freedom of expression realized in many countries. The suppression of the ability of the people to express their views is always seen to be a major impediment to the realization of democracy. Much progress has been made in the process of securing freedom of expression in many societies across the world. However, several challenges still persist and many efforts are being made to implement this fundamental right through series of functional